Structural inhomogeneity of interfacial water at lipid monolayers revealed by surface-specific vibrational pump-probe spectroscopy.

We report vibrational lifetime measurements of the OH stretch vibration of interfacial water in contact with lipid monolayers, using time-resolved vibrational sum frequency (VSF) spectroscopy. The dynamics of water in contact with four different lipids are reported and are characterized by vibrational relaxation rates measured at 3200, 3300, 3400, and 3500 cm(-1). We observe that the water molecules with an OH frequency ranging from 3300 to 3500 cm(-1) all show vibrational relaxation with a time constant of T(1) = 180 ± 35 fs, similar to what is found for bulk water. Water molecules with OH groups near 3200 cm(-1) show distinctly faster relaxation dynamics, with T(1) < 80 fs. We successfully model the data by describing the interfacial water containing two distinct subensembles in which spectral diffusion is, respectively, rapid (3300-3500 cm(-1)) and absent (3200 cm(-1)). We discuss the potential biological implications of the presence of the strongly hydrogen-bonded, rapidly relaxing water molecules at 3200 cm(-1) that are decoupled from the bulk water system.

Duramycin-induced destabilization of a phosphatidylethanolamine monolayer at the air-water interface observed by vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy.

Duramycin is a small tetracyclic peptide which binds specifically to ethanolamine phospholipids (PE). In this study, we used lipid monolayers consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and various phosphatidylcholines (PC) to investigate the effect of duramycin on the organization of lipids and its influence on surrounding water molecules, using vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy in conjunction with surface pressure measurements and fluorescence microscopy. The results show that while duramycin has no effect on the PC lipid monolayers, it induces significant disorder of PE molecules and causes an increase of the PE monolayer surface pressure. Duramycin adopts a ß-sheet conformation and is well-ordered at the air-water interface as well as after binding to PE. Our results are consistent with duramycin inserting into the PE monolayer via its hydrophobic end, exposing phenylalanine residues to the lipid. Binding of duramycin to PE broadens the hydrogen-bond distribution of lipid-bound water molecules, notably increasing the fraction of the less strongly hydrogen-bonded, possibly undercoordinated, water molecules. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that the interaction of duramycin with PE causes a change in the shape of the liquid-condensed domains of the PE monolayer from circular to horseshoe-like, indicating a reduction of line tension at the boundary of the two lipid phases. These results reveal that the first steps in the disruption of membrane integrity by duramycin consist of a reduction of the line tension, a decrease in the lipid order, and a weakening of the hydrogen bonding network of water around PE.

Molecular restructuring of water and lipids upon the interaction of DNA with lipid monolayers.

Understanding the molecular mechanism of DNA/lipid interaction is critical in optimizing the use of lipid cofactors in gene therapy. Here, we address this question by employing label-free vibrational sum frequency (VSF) spectroscopy to study the interaction of DNA with lipid monolayers of the cationic lipids DPTAP(1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane) and diC14-amidine as well as the zwitterionic lipid DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in the presence and absence of calcium. Our approach has the advantage both of allowing us to explicitly probe intermolecular interactions and of providing insight into the structure of water and lipids around DNA at the lipid interface. We find, by examination of the OD stretch of interfacial D(2)O, that water structure differs markedly between systems containing DNA adsorbed to cationic and those that contain DNA adsorbed to zwitterionic lipid monolayers (in the presence or absence of Ca(2+)). The spectral response of interfacial water in the cationic system is consistent with a highly structured, undercoordinated, structural 'type' of water. Further, by investigation of CH stretch modes of the diC14-amidine lipid tails, we demonstrate that the adsorption of DNA to this lipid leads to increased ordering of lipid tails.

Observation of buried water molecules in phospholipid membranes by surface sum-frequency generation spectroscopy.

We investigate the structure and orientation of water molecules at the water-lipid interface, using vibrational sum-frequency generation in conjunction with a maximum entropy phase retrieval method. We find that interfacial water molecules have an orientation opposite to that predicted by electrostatics and thus are likely localized between the lipid headgroup and its apolar alkyl chain. This type of water molecule is observed for phospholipids but not for structurally simpler surfactants.

Structure and dynamics of interfacial water in model lung surfactants.

The last decade has seen a transformation in understanding of the role of membrane-bound interfacial water. Whereas until recently water was treated principally as a continuum (primarily screening charges of lipids and proteins), it has become apparent recently that consideration of water's molecular-level properties is critical in understanding a variety of biochemical and biophysical processes. Here we investigate the structure and dynamics of water in contact with a monolayer of artificial lung surfactant, composed of four types of lipids and one protein. We probe this water using frequency-domain sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, and a newly developed time-domain, three-pulse technique, in which the vibrational relaxation of interfacial water molecules is followed in real time. We characterize interfacial water in three systems: a monolayer of the pure lipid that is the majority of the lung surfactant mixture, a monolayer of the four lipids constituting the mixture, and a monolayer of the four lipids and the protein. We find subtle differences in the water structure and dynamics that depend on the mixture density and composition. In particular, frequency-domain measurements suggest that in the lipid mixture and the lipid mixture + protein, the relatively bulky lipids (those that have either three or unsaturated hydrocarbon tails) tend to be squeezed out at higher pressure. Measurements using the time-domain, three-pulse technique make clear that structural relaxation of interfacial water is significantly slowed down upon adding small amounts of protein to the lipids. Both results are consistent with prior measurements using other techniques in which more fluid lipids were shown to be 'squeezed out' of lung surfactant at high compression and the role of protein in the mixture was demonstrated to be a catalyst for the formation of multilayers under compression that are subsequently reintegrated into the monolayer on expansion.

Vibrational response of hydrogen-bonded interfacial water is dominated by intramolecular coupling.

Using the surface-specific vibrational technique of vibrational sum-frequency generation, we reveal that the double-peaked structure in the vibrational spectrum of hydrogen-bonded interfacial water molecules originates from vibrational coupling between the stretch and bending overtone, rather than from structural effects. This is demonstrated by isotopic dilution experiments, which reveal a smooth transition from two peaks to one peak, as D2O is converted into HDO. Our results show that the water interface is structurally more homogeneous than previously thought.

Calcium-induced phospholipid ordering depends on surface pressure.

The effect of sodium and calcium ions on zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids monolayers is investigated using vibrational sum-frequency generation in conjunction with surface pressure measurements and fluorescence microscopy. Sodium ions only subtly affect the monolayer structure, while the effect of calcium is large and depends strongly on the surface pressure. At low surface pressures (approximately 5 mN/m), the presence on Ca2+ results in the unexpected appearance of ordered domains. For pressures between approximately 5 and approximately 25 mN/m, Ca2+ ions induce disorder in the monolayer. For pressures exceeding 25 mN/m, calcium cations expand the monolayer, while simultaneously ordering the lipid chains. Interestingly, effects are similar for both zwitterionic lipids and negatively charged lipids. In both vibrational sum-frequency generation and surface tension measurements, the molecular signature of the association of Ca2+ with the lipids is evident from Ca2+-induced changes in the signals corresponding to area changes of 4 A2/lipid-precisely the surface area of a Ca2+ ion, with evidence for a change in lipid Ca2+ complexation at high pressures.